Liquid filled pixelated film

ABSTRACT

A structured film comprises an optically transmissive surface including a plurality of walls, each wall being adjustable between a plurality of configurations including a default configuration. When attached to a display, the walls extend away from the display at different heights and surround a plurality of light emitters of the display. In a default configuration, the walls generate selected diffraction orders for each light emitter such that gaps between adjacent light emitters are at least partially covered. The film can be adjusted by varying a geometry of the walls in response to an electrical input. The brightness of a region of interest in an image to be formed on the display can be adjusted relative to a surrounding region by varying wall geometry, using contrast control, or a combination thereof. The optically transmissive surface comprises a solid membrane filled with a non-solid material having a specific index of refraction.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Liquid crystal displays (LCDs), organic light-emitting diode (OLED) displays, and other types of digital displays are used in augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) systems. In a typical AR or VR system, the viewer does not directly view the display, but instead there are one more optical elements that guide light from the display toward the eye of the viewer. The optical elements and the display are sometimes housed together, for example, in a near-eye display (NED) unit. The quality of the viewing experience depends on a number of factors including the optical characteristics of the lenses and the display resolution.

One problem that affects digital displays is the screen-door effect (SDE), which refers to a visual artifact that occurs when the gaps between adjacent pixels become visible to the viewer. The gaps appear as gridlines around the pixels. SDE can be mitigated by using a display with a higher resolution, i.e., more pixels. However, this is not always possible. Additionally, SDE is of particular concern in AR and VR systems because the display is generally viewed under magnification, closer to the eye of the viewer compared to other display environments, and at a higher field of view than is optimal for the display. Even full HD (high definition) displays, which have a resolution of 1920×1080 pixels, can be susceptible to SDE when used in an AR or VR application.

Another problem that affects digital displays is when the brightness of certain areas of the display causes those areas to interfere with other display areas. If the brightness of an area is set too high, nearby areas may appear washed-out so that important details of the image are lost. This washing out or “bleaching” effect can be mitigated through contrast control, e.g., by reducing brightness in certain areas. However, contrast control has limited effectiveness, especially when there is a large difference in brightness between neighboring areas.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Illustrative embodiments are described with reference to the following figures.

FIG. 1 shows a cross-sectional view of a near-eye display, in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 2 shows an isometric view of a waveguide assembly, in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 3 shows a cross-sectional view of a display system, in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of a system, in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 5 shows an emitter layout for a display, in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 6 shows various energy radiation profiles for a set of emitters.

FIG. 7 shows across-sectional view of a structured film, in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 8 shows a cross-sectional view of a display system, in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 9 shows intensity for different diffraction orders.

FIGS. 10A to 10C show an example of how diffraction orders can be used to reduce or eliminate the screen-door effect, in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 11 shows a three-dimensional view of a structured film, in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 12 shows a display assembly including a structured film, in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 13 shows a display assembly including a structured film, in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 14 shows control points of a structured film, in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 15 is a flow diagram of a method for producing and applying a structured film, in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 16 is a flow diagram of a method for using a structured film, in accordance with an embodiment.

The figures depict embodiments of the present disclosure for purposes of illustration only. One skilled in the art will readily recognize from the following description that alternative embodiments of the structures and methods illustrated may be employed without departing from the principles, or benefits touted, of this disclosure.

In the appended figures, similar components and/or features may have the same reference label. Further, various components of the same type may be distinguished by following the reference label by a dash and a second label that distinguishes among the similar components. If only the first reference label is used in the specification, the description is applicable to any one of the similar components having the same first reference label irrespective of the second reference label.

Unless expressly stated otherwise, the components and features shown in the figures are not drawn to scale. In some instances, components and/or features within a figure may have been drawn out-of-scale in order to better illustrate certain aspects of those components or features.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

In the following description, for the purposes of explanation, specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of certain inventive embodiments. However, it will be apparent that various embodiments may be practiced without these specific details. The figures and description are not intended to be restrictive.

Example embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a three-dimensional (3D) structured film that can be placed over a display to form a protective layer for the display, and a system including the display and the structured film. The film includes an optically transmissive surface with a plurality of walls that can be adjusted to compensate for interference between neighboring display areas. The walls extend away from the display at different heights and surround light emitters of the display, thereby controlling the amount of light output from the display.

The film is configurable to minimize SDE by controlling the light output of individual light emitters that form pixels of the display. In one embodiment, the film comprises curved walls that extend away from the display, with a wall at each corner of any particular emitter so that the emitter lies at the bottom of a “valley” formed by four walls. The film can be formed such that the heights of the walls are set to minimize SDE by permitting a certain amount of light to spread toward adjacent emitters, thereby hiding the gridlines. The heights for minimizing SDE can be determined based on the sizes and colors of the emitters. Other characteristics of the walls, including the angles at which the walls extend away from the display, can also contribute to minimizing SDE.

In one embodiment, the walls have a default configuration in which SDE is minimized by generating selected diffraction orders for each light emitter such that gaps between adjacent light emitters are at least partially covered. The geometry of the walls can subsequently be adjusted based on analysis of brightnesses for images to be formed on the display. For example, the heights of the walls and/or the angles of the walls can be changed to prevent bleaching of certain display areas or to emphasize those areas, making them appear sharper. In particular, bleaching can be reduced by increasing wall height at the expense of adding more SDE. When used in combination with contrast control, the adjustments enable a greater degree of control over the quality of the resulting image compared to using contrast control alone.

In one embodiment, the optically transmissive surface comprises a liquid or gas filled membrane that allows the walls to be deformed, e.g., by stretching the membrane away from the display to increase wall height or by pulling the membrane in certain directions to change the angles of the walls. The membrane can form a single reservoir of liquid or gas shared by each of the walls. Alternatively, the membrane can comprise separate reservoirs, e.g., each wall may be defined as a separate cell containing a reservoir.

The adjustments can be performed using any number of mechanisms. In one embodiment, the optically transmissive surface has electromagnets embedded in the walls. The electromagnets respond to electrical signals from a display controller or processor to move the walls in desired directions. In another embodiment, the adjustments can be performed by pumping liquid or gas into the walls.

Embodiments of the invention may include or be implemented in conjunction with an artificial reality system. Artificial reality is a form of reality that has been adjusted in some manner before presentation to a user, which may include, e.g., a VR, an AR, a mixed reality (MR), a hybrid reality, or some combination and/or derivatives thereof. Artificial reality content may include completely generated content or generated content combined with captured (e.g., real-world) content. The artificial reality content may include video, audio, haptic feedback, or some combination thereof, and any of which may be presented in a single channel or in multiple channels (such as stereo video that produces a three-dimensional effect to the viewer). Additionally, in some embodiments, artificial reality may also be associated with applications, products, accessories, services, or some combination thereof, that are used to, e.g., create content in an artificial reality and/or are otherwise used in (e.g., perform activities in) an artificial reality. The artificial reality system that provides the artificial reality content may be implemented on various platforms, including an NED connected to a host computer system, a standalone NED, a mobile device or computing system, or any other hardware platform capable of providing artificial reality content to one or more viewers.

FIG. 1 shows a cross section of an NED 100. The NED 100 includes a frame 105 and a display 110. The frame 105 is coupled to one or more optical elements. The frame 105 can be adapted to be worn by the user, for example supported against the user's ears and temples in the manner of a pair of eyeglasses. Thus, the NED 100 can be a head mounted display (HMD). Other mechanisms exist for attaching an HMD to a user's head. For example, in some embodiments, the NED 100 may include an adjustable band for securing the NED 100 around the back of the head.

The display 110 is configured for the user to see content presented by the NED 100 and includes a waveguide assembly 150 for directing light from one or more images to an eye 120 of the user. When placed into an operative position, the NED 100 forms an exit pupil 130 at a location where the eye 120 is positioned in an eyebox region, e.g., when the user wears the NED 100. For purposes of illustration, FIG. 1 shows the cross section associated with a single eye 120 and a single waveguide assembly 150, but a second waveguide assembly can be used for a second eye of the user.

A structured film 140 is attached to the front surface of the display 110, in an operative position with respect to the display 110. The film 140 includes a plurality of curved walls, shown in more detail in the subsequent figures. The film 140 comprises an optically transmissive surface that controls the light output from the display 110. The walls extend away from the display, toward the eye 120 of the user. Although the walls are shown in FIG. 1 as being of uniform height, in actuality the walls can have different heights, with some walls extending farther out than others. The walls surround light emitters of the display (shown in FIG. 3) and the film operates as a diffraction grating that generates diffraction orders for the light emitters.

The waveguide assembly 150 is configured to direct the image light to the eye 120 through the exit pupil 130. The waveguide assembly 150 may be composed of one or more materials (e.g., plastic, glass, etc.) with one or more refractive indices. In some embodiments, the NED 100 includes one or more optical elements between the waveguide assembly 150 and the eye 120. The waveguide assembly 150 may be composed of one or more materials with one or more refractive indices that effectively minimize the weight and widen a field of view (FOV) of the NED 100.

The NED 100 can include one or more optical elements (not shown) between the waveguide assembly 150 and the eye 120. The optical elements form an optics system that acts to, e.g., correct aberrations in image light emitted from the waveguide assembly 150, magnify image light emitted from the waveguide assembly 150, perform some other optical adjustment of image light emitted from the waveguide assembly 150, or some combination thereof. As such, the optical elements may include an aperture, a Fresnel lens, a convex lens, a concave lens, a filter, a reflector, or any other suitable optical element that affects image light.

FIG. 2 shows an isometric view of a waveguide assembly 200. In some embodiments, the waveguide assembly 200 is a component of a display in an NED (e.g., waveguide assembly 150). In other embodiments, the waveguide assembly 200 is a separate component located along an optical path between the display and the eye 120 of the user. The waveguide assembly 200 includes an optics system 210, an output waveguide 220, and a controller 230.

The waveguide assembly 200 receives emitted light 255 from a display (not shown) and processes the emitted light 255 through the optics system 210 to generate image light 257. The emitted light 255 is generated by light emitters of the display. A light emitter can be an a light emitting diode (LED), a micro light emitting diode (mLED), a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL), a photonics integrated circuit (PIC), etc. The light emitters can be organized in a one-dimensional (1D) or two-dimensional (2D) array. The light emitters can be grouped to form pixels of the display. For example, an individual pixel may include at least one red emitter, at least one green emitter, and at least one blue emitter.

The optics system 210 comprises one or more optical elements (e.g., one or more lenses) that perform a set of optical processes, including, but not restricted to, focusing, combining, collimating, transforming, conditioning, and scanning processes on the image light generated by the display.

The output waveguide 220 is an optical waveguide that outputs images to the eye 120 of the user. The output waveguide 220 receives the image light 257 (possibly after processing through the one or more optical elements of the optics system) at one or more coupling elements 250, and guides the image light 257 to a decoupling element 260. The coupling element 250 may include, e.g., a diffraction grating, a holographic grating, some other element that couples the image light 257 into the output waveguide 220, or some combination thereof. For example, in embodiments where the coupling element 250 includes a diffraction grating, the pitch of the diffraction grating can be chosen such that total internal reflection occurs and the image light 257 propagates internally toward the decoupling element 260.

The controller 230 drives the light emitters of the display to generate the emitted light 255. The controller 230 also controls the optics system 210 to perform the one or more optical processes. For example, the controller 230 may reposition one or more lenses of the optics system 210 to adjust a focus of the image light 257.

FIG. 3 shows a cross section 300 of various components in a display system, including a display 310 and a lens 320. The display 310 can be a component of an NED (e.g., the NED 100). In some embodiments, the display 310 is a component of a non-wearable computer device. For example the display 310 can be for a computer display monitor, a laptop, a smartphone, a digital camera, or a television set. The display 310 includes a plurality of light emitters, including emitters 312 and 314. The emitters can be arranged into one or more rows and one or more columns. For example, emitters 312 and 314 may belong to the same column, but different rows.

As shown in FIG. 3, a structured film 330 is mounted on the display 310, between the display 310 and the lens 320. The proportions of the structured film 330 are exaggerated in order to show the structure more clearly. The structured film 330 can be formed integrally with the display 310 or formed separately and then attached to the display 310, e.g., using an adhesive or through bonding. The structured film 330 operates as a protective layer for the display 310, in particular providing protection against contact or intrusion of foreign particles, which could damage the emitters 312, 314 or electronics within the display 310. Additional protection for the display 310 can be provided by adding an encapsulating layer (not shown) over the structured film 330.

The lens 320 is part of an optics system that transmits light from the display 310 to the eye 120 of the user. The optics system is located between the display 310 and the eye 120 and, in some embodiments, corresponds to the optics system 210 in FIG. 2. For simplicity, only one lens is shown. However, as discussed earlier, an optics system can include multiple lenses, among other optical elements. The lens 320 is a spherical convex lens with a thickness that is greatest at the center 322 of the lens. The thickness gradually decreases toward radial edges 324-a and 324-b. Other lens shapes are also possible, and a more complex optics system can include multiple lenses of different sizes and shapes, e.g., a combination of concave and convex lenses. Additionally, although FIG. 3 shows the display 310 being viewed directly through the lens 320, it is understood that in some embodiments, an image produced by the display 310 could be viewed indirectly, e.g., using coupling and decoupling elements as described earlier in connection with FIG. 2.

The structured film 330 is formed of an optically transmissive material and comprises a membrane that defines a plurality of walls, including a wall 332 near the emitter 312 and a wall 334 near the emitter 314. The membrane is represented in FIG. 3 by the outline of the walls. The membrane is pliable and can be formed, e.g., using a flexible polymer. The membrane is filled with a non-solid material having a specific index of refraction. The membrane also has an index of refraction, preferably the same as the non-solid material. In one embodiment, the non-solid material is a liquid such as an oil or an aqueous solution comprising water and one or more refractive index modifying substances. In another embodiment, the non-solid material is a gas, e.g., an inert gas such as nitrogen or a combination of gases such as air.

The walls 332, 334 are curved and substantially mound-shaped, e.g., with a Gaussian shaped cross section. The walls project away from the display 310 to direct light from the emitters toward the lens 320. Each wall has a peak, with the emitters being situated at the bottom of valleys defined by the walls, e.g., valleys 342 and 344. Emitted light travels through the valleys at different angles of incidence toward the lens 320. For example, emitters that are positioned at or near the center of the lens 320, such as the emitter 314, may emit light at an angle of incidence that is substantially orthogonal to the plane of the lens 320. Emitters that are farther away from the center of the lens (i.e., closer to one of the radial edges 324-a or 324-b) may emit light at an angle of incidence that is non-orthogonal to the plane of the lens 320.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of a system 400 including a display 410, a structured film 420, an optics system 430, a controller 440, a contrast control module 450, and a wall adjustment module 460.

The display 410 is analogous to the display 310 and can be a component of an NED or an ordinary display, such as for a laptop or mobile device. The display 410 can be a flat panel display or non-flat, i.e., a curved display. The structured film 420 is attached to the display 410, e.g., when the display is manufactured.

The optics system 430 can include one or more lenses such as the lens 320 in FIG. 3. As explained later, the image quality of the image output by an optics system can vary as a function of spatial position. The variation in image quality may be a result of passing emitted light through the one or more lenses of the optics system 430. The structured film 420 is configured to compensate for the variation in image quality through appropriate configuration of the walls. In particular, the structured film 420 can be manufactured with a varying height profile in order to selectively control the spread of emitted light, such that the image quality is enhanced at locations where the image quality would normally be worse due to processing by the optics system 430.

The controller 440 can include one or more processors configured to execute instructions that cause image content to be displayed on the display. In particular, the controller 440 can operate as a display driver that selectively activates the emitters of the display 410 to form an image. In this capacity, the controller 440 may output digital control values to the display. The digital control values determine control parameters such as color and intensity of individual emitters, which in turn determine the color and intensity of the pixels formed by the emitters. For example, the controller 440 may specify control values for a red emitter, a blue emitter, and a green emitter so that the three emitters together generate a color corresponding to a chrominance value for a pixel formed by the three emitters, with a combined brightness equal to a luminance value for the pixel. The controller 440 can also perform local contrast control, e.g., based on instructions provided by the contrast control module 450. Additionally, the controller 440 can be configured to perform the functions described earlier with respect to the controller 230, e.g., controlling the optics system 430 to perform one or more optical processes.

The contrast control module 450 implements a contrast control procedure that sets the contrast levels of the pixels of the display 410 according to the contents of the image to be displayed. The contrast control module 450 can be implemented in hardware, software, or a combination of hardware and software. Contrast control can involve locally adjusting the brightness of a region of interest (ROI) in an image to be displayed. For example, the image may include a relatively bright region surrounding a smaller region that is relatively dark in comparison to the bright region. Sometimes, this darker region corresponds to a fine detail, e.g., dark sub-title text against a bright background from a movie scene. If the brightness of the bright region is set too high, the fine detail may be difficult to see clearly. In this situation, it may be desirable to adjust the brightness of the dark region in relation to the bright region. This can be accomplished, for example, by lowering the dynamic range of all the pixels in the display (e.g., limiting the display to certain brightness ranges) or lowering the dynamic range of the pixels in the bright region so that the bright region does not overwhelm the dark region. The dynamic range of the pixels in the dark region can also be increased to enhance the level of detail for the dark region. Contrast control can also be accomplished by adjusting brightness values, e.g., by lowering the brightness values of pixels surrounding the dark region. The contrast control procedure can therefore include an analysis of each image to be displayed, in order to identify ROIs (in the example above, the dark region) and perform an appropriate contrast adjustment. The emitters of a pixel being contrast adjusted can be individually controlled in order to achieve a desired brightness for the pixel.

The wall adjustment module 460 is operable to vary a geometry of the walls in order to compensate for differences in brightness within an image to be displayed. The wall adjustment module 460 can be implemented in hardware, software, or a combination of hardware and software. Wall geometry can be varied by changing the height of one or more walls or the angle of one or more walls. Each wall may have a default configuration including, for example, a default height and a default angle. The default configuration can be designed to minimize SDE by covering as much of the gaps between emitters as possible without introducing too much interference between adjacent emitters, e.g., based on an assumption that the emitters all have a uniform brightness.

As explained later, gap coverage can be achieved by generating diffraction orders for each emitter. The heights and angles of the walls determine the extent to which diffraction orders are generated, and thus determine the extent of gap coverage. When the display 410 is turned off or when the image being displayed has a uniform brightness throughout, the walls can be set to their respective default configurations. As new images are generated for output on the display 410, the wall geometry can be varied, possibly in combination with contrast control, in order to compensate for brightness differences. For example, to prevent a brighter region from bleaching a dimmer region, the height of a wall separating the brighter region from the dimmer region can be increased. The increase in height may produce a corresponding decrease in the number of diffraction orders generated, and can therefore introduce more SDE compared to the default configuration. Nevertheless, the introduction of more SDE may be acceptable because the overall image quality is improved.

In one embodiment, both the wall adjustment module 460 and the contrast control module 450 are software modules that supply instructions for execution by the controller 440 or another processor of the system 400. The controller 440 may analyze an input image to determine whether to perform contrast control, wall adjustment, or both. In one embodiment, the controller 440 is configured to perform contrast control as a first resort before varying wall geometry. The controller 440 can, for example, determine brightness values for each pixel of the display 410, including brightness values for pixels in an ROI and brightness values for pixels in a surrounding region. The controller 440 may determine that the brightness values are insufficient for achieving optimal contrast between the ROI and the surrounding region or insufficient for preventing bleaching of the RO, and may therefore vary the wall geometry to fine tune the image.

FIG. 5 shows a partial emitter layout for an embodiment of a display 500. The display 500 includes a plurality of emitters, such as red emitters 510-a and 510-b, green emitters 520-a and 520-b, and blue emitters 530-a and 530-b. As shown in FIG. 5, a pixel 550 may comprise a group of red, green and blue emitters. In this example, the pixel 550 includes one red emitter, two green emitters, and one blue emitter. The emitters may be of different sizes and shapes. In FIG. 5, the green emitters are smaller than the red and blue emitters, and the emitters have a rounded diamond shape. In other embodiments, the emitters can be of other sizes and may have other shapes such as circular, oval, square, etc.

FIG. 5 shows the emitters being spaced apart from one another. In one embodiment, emitters are spaced equally far apart regardless of color, e.g., a spacing of 30 micrometers between any given pair of emitters. In another embodiment, the spacing between different color emitters can be different, e.g., red emitters can be closer to green emitters than to blue emitters. As a consequence of the emitter spacing, the pixels of the display 500 are also slightly spaced apart. In most instances, pixel spacing in a display is not visible to the human eye when the display is lit because the pixels are bright enough that the gaps between pixels are hidden. However, there are situations where the gaps become visible, giving rise to SDE. The SDE can appear when a display is viewed up close, under magnification, or at a higher field of view than is optimal for the display. This makes eliminating SDE a challenge in AR and VR applications. To overcome SDE, the contrast control module 450 can be configured to set a minimum brightness for each pixel of the display so that SDE is reduced or eliminated entirely so as not to be visible to the human eye under intended viewing conditions for the display. For example, the contrast control module 450 can set a higher minimum brightness when the pixels are farther apart or when the display is incorporated into an NED. Thus, contrast control is one technique that can be used to overcome SDE. As explained below, SDE can also be overcome using a structured film in accordance with an example embodiment, either alone or in combination with contrast control.

FIG. 6 shows energy radiation profiles corresponding to the light energy radiated by neighboring emitters 610, 613, and 615. FIG. 6 includes an ideal radiation profile 600 in which the light radiated by any individual emitter is confined to within a certain distance of the emitter, such that there is minimal interference between the radiated light and light radiated by an adjacent emitter. Further, the radiation profile 600 provides for complete coverage of the gaps 612-a and 612-b between the emitters so that SDE is eliminated. If the brightnesses of the emitters 610, 613, 615 are lowered, the radiated light may become similar to radiation profile 620, where the gaps are no longer completely covered, making SDE apparent. On the other hand, if the brightnesses are increased, then radiated light may become similar to radiation profile 630, where light from one emitter interferes with light from an adjacent emitter. For example, light from emitter 610 would spread into the light from emitter 613 and vice versa, producing a “bleaching” effect in which the interference between adjacent emitters leads to a loss of color fidelity and sharpness. This bleaching effect reduces the effective resolution of the display relative to the native resolution.

FIG. 7 shows a cross-section of a structured film 700 according to an embodiment. The film 700 includes a plurality of walls 710, 720, and 730 that are curved to define a series of peaks and valleys over emitters 740 and 750. For example, the wall 710 includes a peak 713 and, together with the wall 720, forms a valley 715 above the emitter 740. The walls 710, 720, and 730 are separated by a certain pitch 707, which can vary throughout the film 700. As shown in FIG. 7, light 717 from the emitter 740 is emitted in multiple directions. Some of the light 717 is able to pass the film 700 unimpeded. The light that passes can form a perceived image that is larger than the actual size of the emitter, i.e., the emitters 740 and 750 may appear magnified when viewed through the film 700. Other parts of the light 717 are blocked by the walls 710, 720. The degree to which the light 717 is blocked is determined, in part by the height 705 of the walls 710, 720. Therefore the heights of the walls can be set so that SDE is minimized by allowing enough light to pass that the gaps between adjacent emitters are hidden, while blocking light that would otherwise contribute to the bleaching effect. The walls 710, 720, and 730 have a certain depth 709, corresponding to a vertical distance between a peak and a valley. The depth 707 can be shorter than the overall height 705 of walls. As discussed below in connection with FIGS. 9 and 10A to 10C, the heights can be determined for each emitter based on knowledge that the film operates as a diffraction grating.

FIG. 8 shows across section of a display system 800 including a display 810 and a lens 820. A structured film 830 is attached to the front of the display 810, between the display 810 and the lens 820. In FIG. 7, the walls are shown as being identical, with each wall 710, 720, 730 having the same orientation and the same height. In the embodiment of FIG. 8, the walls have different heights and different angles of orientation. Thus, the film 830 has a dynamic structure that varies depending on location along the film. This dynamic structure takes into account variations in image quality as result of processing through the lens 820.

Similar to the lens 320 in FIG. 3, the lens 820 is a spherical convex lens. This particular shape of the lens 820 produces a sharper image for light passing through the center 822 of the lens. In comparison, light that passes through the edges 824-a and 824-b of the lens produces a blurrier image. Image sharpness is therefore greatest at the center 822 and decreases toward the edges 824-a, 824-b. To compensate for this variation in image quality, the wall heights of the film 830 are varied in accordance with variations in image quality, as a function of the position of the display 810 with respect to the lens 820. Walls that are farther away from the center 822 (e.g., walls 832 and 836) can be formed with a higher height and walls that are closer to the center 822 (e.g., wall 834) can be formed with a lower height. For example, the height 852 of wall 832 is greater than the height 854 of wall 834. Varying wall height effectively changes the distance between the display 810 and the lens 820 at different areas of the display. Lower wall heights allow more spreading of light toward adjacent emitters, resulting in a blurrier image. Higher wall heights reduce spreading and therefore increase sharpness. By structuring the film such that lower walls are applied to sharper image areas and higher walls applied to blurrier image areas, a relatively uniform image quality can be achieved throughout the display. The variation of wall height as a function of the position of the display 810 with respect to the lens 820 can be included in the default configurations of the walls.

In some embodiments, the heights of the walls are computed based on an image quality profile of the optics system. The image quality profile can include one or more image quality metrics (sharpness, lens distortion, chromatic aberration, etc.) as a function of position in one dimension (e.g., Y position along a length of the display) or two dimensions (e.g., X, Y position along a length and a width of the display). For example, in an optics system with only the lens 820, an image quality profile based on sharpness along a length of the display (the Y-axis in FIG. 8) may correspond to a monotonic function, e.g. a paraboloid, derived from the field curvature of the lens 820. In that case, the wall heights would also vary monotonically in inverse relationship to the image quality profile. In a more complex optics system with multiple optical elements, the optical elements may interact to produce an image quality profile that is non-monotonic, and the wall heights can be set accordingly.

As shown in FIG. 8, the angles of the walls also vary along the film. In particular, the wall angles vary in correspondence to the different angles of incidence for the light emitted from the display 810 toward the lens 820. Light from the emitter 814 has an angle of incidence 864 that is substantially perpendicular to the plane of the lens 820, whereas light from emitter 812 is at a different angle of incidence 866. The angles of the walls can be varied so as to facilitate the propagation of light along the various angles of incidence. The wall angles can be produced by changing the shapes of the walls. For example, wall 834 next to emitter 814 has a symmetric, Gaussian shape, whereas wall 836 next to emitter 812 has an asymmetric shape. When the wall is symmetric, the energy radiation is also symmetric, i.e., uniform in all directions. With a non-symmetric wall, the energy radiation is non-uniform.

As mentioned earlier, the film operates as a diffraction grating. In particular, the openings of the diffraction grating correspond to the valleys where the emitters are located. When light passes through these openings, diffraction orders are created. The lowest diffraction order is centered about the light source and has the greatest intensity. Additional diffraction orders are positioned farther away from the light source and have lesser intensity. This is shown in FIG. 9.

FIG. 9 is a diagram of intensity for different diffraction orders of an emitter 900. Three diffraction orders are shown (m=0, 1, and 2). However, any number of diffraction orders can be generated. The intensity of the zero order (m=0) is greatest and forms a bright spot centered about the emitter 900. This corresponds to light that is emitted along the angle of incidence for the emitter 900. The first order (m=1) has a lower intensity compared to the zero order and includes a pair of bright spots that are slightly offset to the sides of the emitter 900. Similarly, the second order (m=2) has an even lower intensity than the first order and has bright spots that are farther to the sides of the emitter 900. Integrating the diffraction orders yields an energy radiation profile for the emitter 900, e.g., one of the profiles shown in FIG. 6.

The shapes of the walls in a structured film can be set with various objectives in mind. One objective is, as mentioned earlier, the elimination of SDE. The degree to which SDE is eliminated depends on the interaction between the various diffraction orders that are produced. The presence or absence of certain diffraction orders for any given emitter can be controlled with appropriate configuration of the walls surrounding the emitter. Since the spread of light is increased with each successive increase in diffraction order, the diffraction order can be chosen for any particular emitter such that the light from the emitter spreads by a selected amount in order to hide the gaps between the emitter and its adjacent emitters.

FIGS. 10A to 10C show an example of how diffraction orders can be used to reduce or eliminate SDE. In FIG. 10A, second order diffraction has been created for a green emitter 1000, resulting in a diffraction pattern in which a plurality of virtual sub-pixels are clustered around the emitter 1000. The diffraction pattern has a bright spot centered about the emitter 1000, corresponding to the zero order. The virtual sub-pixels are less bright and include, for example, a virtual sub-pixel 1002 belonging to the first order and a virtual sub-pixel 1004 belonging to the second order. The virtual sub-pixels form additional green areas that increase the apparent size of the emitter 1000.

FIG. 10B shows a first order diffraction pattern for a red emitter 1010. The diffraction pattern includes virtual sub-pixels 1012-a and 1012-b. FIG. 10C shows an interaction between diffraction patterns of adjacent emitters, including the green emitter 1000 from FIG. 10A, the red emitter 1010 from FIG. 10B, and a blue emitter 1020 having a first order diffraction pattern. As shown, the virtual sub-pixels from the various diffraction patterns operate to cover the gaps between the emitters 1000, 1010, and 1020. Therefore the diffraction orders can be selected for each emitter in a display such that SDE is minimized. In FIG. 10C, a higher order was selected for the green emitter 1000 (i.e., the second order) than for the red emitter 1010 and the blue emitter 1020 because the emitter 1000 is smaller than the emitters 1010, 1020. Thus, the desired diffraction order can be based on the size of the emitter. However, the desired diffraction order can also vary depending on other factors, such as the spacing between emitters and the relative brightnesses of different color emitters. In some embodiments, the diffraction orders are selected so that the virtual sub-pixels are spaced close together with a small degree of overlap. For example, an edge of a green virtual sub-pixel may overlap an opposing edge of a blue virtual sub-pixel. In some embodiments, a certain degree of interference between diffraction orders of adjacent emitters is permitted so long as the diffraction orders do not overwhelm each other. For example, a green virtual sub-pixel can be permitted to overlap with a blue virtual sub-pixel in an area that is supposed to correspond to the blue virtual sub-pixel so long as the green virtual sub-pixel is less bright compared to the blue virtual sub-pixel. In other embodiments, the diffraction orders can be selected so that there is no overlap between virtual sub-pixels so long as the gaps between the emitters are sufficiently covered. For the purpose of minimizing SDE, the gaps do not have to be completely covered.

Once a desired diffraction order has been determined for each emitter, the characteristics of the walls surrounding the emitter can be determined using known diffraction grating equations, including the following equation for refraction in a diffraction grating placed over an incident medium: d(n′ sin v−n sin i)=mλ, where m is the desired diffraction order, λ is the wavelength of the incident light (e.g., the light produced by an emitter), d is the spacing of the diffraction grating (e.g., the spacing between the walls of the structured film), n is the index of refraction of the incident medium (e.g., the display layer in which the emitters are located), n′ is the index of refraction of the diffraction medium (e.g., the film), i is the angle of incidence, and v is the angle of refraction toward the lens. The above equation can be used, for example, to solve for the angle of refraction v at a given diffraction order.

Knowing the various angles of refraction at each diffraction order generated for an emitter, it is possible to design the walls so that refracted light rays of a desired diffraction order are passed, but refracted light rays of other diffraction orders are blocked. For example, the wall heights for green emitters can be set so that third or higher orders are blocked. Similarly, the wall heights for red and blue emitters can be set to block second or higher orders. In one embodiment, wall heights and wall angles are calculated based on an analysis of the energy radiation profiles for each emitter. As mentioned earlier in the discussion of FIG. 6, the energy radiation profile corresponds to an integral of the diffraction orders. Thus, the energy radiation profile encompasses all possible angles at which light can pass through the film. Accordingly, the wall heights and wall angles can be calculated to block certain portions of the energy radiation profile, thereby limiting the spread of light toward adjacent emitters to prevent bleaching.

Additionally, the wall heights and wall angles can be designed to maximize diffraction efficiency at a particular diffraction order, based on the fact that the film operates similarly to a Fresnel surface. The film can be characterized by the Fresnel equation: h=d(α−β), where h is the height of the wall, d is in this instance the length of one side of the wall (corresponding to a facet of a Fresnel surface), α is the base curvature of the film, and β is the angle of the wall (i.e., the facet angle). It has been experimentally determined that diffraction efficiency is maximized when the wall height is a multiple of the desired wavelength, in particular the least common multiple between wavelengths, and when the wall angle β satisfies the Fresnel equation above. For example, the diffraction efficiency for a green emitter is maximized when the wall height of a wall next to the green emitter is a multiple of a wavelength of the green emitter and the wall angle β satisfies the Fresnel equation above. Further, the diffraction efficiency can be optimized for two different colors (e.g., for a wall separating a red emitter from a green emitter) by setting the wall height to the least common multiple between the wavelengths of the two colors. In some embodiments, diffraction efficiency is maximized for only some of the emitters. For example, diffraction efficiency can be maximized for smaller emitters (e.g., green emitters) while permitting a less than optimal diffraction efficiency for larger emitters (e.g., red and blue emitters).

FIG. 11 shows a three-dimensional view of a structured film 1100. The film 1100 has a plurality of walls, including a wall 1110 and a wall 1130. Emitters are located below the valleys defined by the walls, e.g., valley 1120. Each emitter is surrounded by four walls, one at each of four corners. However, the number of walls surrounding an emitter can vary.

In addition to minimizing SDE and reducing bleaching of pixels, a structured film can provide other benefits depending on the display environment in which the film is used. For example, if the film is incorporated into an NED, the film can prevent sunlight from burning the display when the NED is left exposed to the sun. Without the film, sunlight passing through the lens or lenses of the optics system in the NED is focused onto certain portions of the display (e.g., the center of the display) and can damage the display over time. The wall structure of the film can prevent this damage by scattering the sunlight so that it is not concentrated in any particular area of the display.

Another potential use for a structured film according to an embodiment of the present disclosure is to improve the reliability and yield of LCDs. If the structured film is placed between an LCD and a backlight, the structured film can be adjusted to compensate for manufacturing defects, e.g., compensating for differences in pixel brightness by changing wall heights so that less of the light emitted by the backlight reaches brighter LCD pixels and more of the light emitted by the backlight reaches dimmer LCD pixels. When used in this manner, the structured film poses less risk of creating Moiré patterns, which are interference patterns that appear as ripples, waves, and wisp artifacts that are superimposed onto a screen image. The frequency of occurrence of Moiré patterns is reduced because (i) the structured film is only used for illuminating the LCD, rather than for adjusting an image formed by the LCD, and (ii) the backlight is typically a continuous light source, whereas Moiré patterns are caused by superposition of image patterns that have a spatial frequency (e.g., patterns with sinusoidally varying intensity).

FIG. 12 shows a display assembly 1200 including a display layer 1210, a film layer 1220, and an encapsulating layer 1230. The display layer 1210 includes emitters 1212-a and 1212-b, and a first set of electromagnets 1215-a to 1215-c. The electromagnets 1215-a to 1215-c are electrically coupled to a controller (e.g., the controller 440 of FIG. 4) via a set of wires that extend along the display layer 1210.

The film layer 1220 comprises a structured film attached to the display layer 1210. The structured film includes walls 1222-a to 1222-c and a second set of electromagnets 1225-a to 1225-c. The electromagnets 1225-a to 1225-c are electrically coupled to the controller via a set of wires that extend along the encapsulating layer 1230. The wires in the encapsulating layer 1230 and the display layer 1210 can be run along the gaps between emitters so as not to obstruct the emitted light. The controller can supply, via the wires, electrical inputs (e.g., voltages or currents) to the electromagnets of the film layer 1220 and the electromagnets of the display layer 1210. The electrical inputs cause the electromagnets to produce magnetic fields that create attraction or repulsion between opposing pairs of electromagnets. For example, currents of opposite polarity can be supplied to the electromagnets 1225-a and 1225-b to bring the peaks of the walls 1222-a and 1222-b closer together. Similarly, currents of the same polarity can be applied to the electromagnets 1215-a and 1225-a to increase the height of the wall 1222-a. To make the wall 1222-b bend down toward the wall 1222-a, currents of opposite polarity can be applied to the electromagnets 1215-a and 1225-b. Other combinations are also possible.

The walls 1222-a to 1222-c can be filled with a liquid or gas in order to facilitate wall movement. The liquid or gas has a specific index of refraction. In the embodiment of FIG. 12, the walls are interconnected by a channel 1228 that runs beneath the walls. As the walls are moved, liquid or gas is redistributed throughout the film and may result in slight changes in the shape of the walls, but the height and angle of the walls are stabilized through activation of the electromagnets.

The encapsulating layer 1230 can be formed of an optically transmissive material, preferably a material that is harder than the film layer 1220, but flexible enough to accommodate movement of the walls. The encapsulating layer 1230 can be formed integrally with the film layer 1220 and has an index of refraction that can, but need not, be the same as the index of refraction of the film layer 1220. Differences between the index of refraction of the encapsulating layer 1230 and the index of refraction of the film layer 1220 can be taken into consideration when designing the walls to minimize SDE or when adjusting the walls to compensate for brightness differences.

FIG. 13 shows a display assembly 1300 including a display layer 1310, a film layer 1320, and an encapsulating layer 1330. The display layer 1310 includes emitters 1312-a and 1312-b. In contrast to the display assembly 1200 of FIG. 12, the display layer 1310 does not include any electromagnets. Instead, permanent magnets 1315-a to 1315-c are embedded in the film layer 1320 and paired with electromagnets 1325-a to 1325-c in the encapsulating layer 1330. The permanent magnets 1315-a to 1315-c are passive elements. The electromagnets 1325-a to 1325-c are active elements that can be controlled in a similar manner as described in connection with the display assembly 1200, via electrical input from a controller. In this instance, the electromagnets 1325-a to 1325-c can be selectively activated to attract or repel the permanent magnets 1315-a to 1315-c.

FIG. 14 shows control points of a structured film for a display 1400. Each emitter is surrounded by four control points, one for each wall around the emitter. The control points correspond to locations of elements that control wall geometry. For example, the control points may correspond to the locations of the electromagnets in FIGS. 12 and 13.

FIG. 14 illustrates an example of how wall geometry can be varied based on identification of an ROI 1410. For simplicity, the ROI 1410 is shown as a single pixel. Assume that this pixel is supposed to show darker content compared to surrounding pixels, e.g., pixels in a surrounding region 1420. Further, assume that despite adjustment of the brightness values of the pixels in the ROI 1410 and the surrounding region 1420 using contrast control, the surrounding region 1420 is interfering with the ROI 1410, i.e., bleaching the pixel. To correct for this interference, the heights of walls separating the ROI 1410 from the surrounding region 1420 can be increased. For example, the walls around the border of the ROI can be increased at control points 1432-a and 1432-b. Within the ROI 1410, the walls can usually be kept at the default configuration for minimizing SDE (e.g., at control point 1442). However, in some instances the ROI may be so dark that even the default configuration will lead to noticeable SDE. In that case, the wall height within the ROI could be reduced. As for the surrounding region 1420, since the pixels of the surrounding region 1420 have the same brightness, bleaching between pixels in the surrounding region 1420 is usually not a concern, so the walls in the surrounding region can also be kept at the default configuration.

In addition to adjusting the wall heights, the wall angles can also be adjusted to further reduce bleaching of the ROI 1410 by the surrounding region 1420. For example, the walls at control points 1452-a and 1452-b can be adjusted to point away from the ROI 1410. The walls at control points 1432-a and 1432-b can also be pointed away from the ROT 1410 for the same reason, although this may reduce the sharpness of the ROT 1410 since emitted light from the RO 1410 would spread more toward the surrounding region 1420.

FIG. 15 is a flow diagram of a method 1500 for producing and applying a structured film. At step 1510, a desired diffraction order for minimizing SDE is determined for each emitter based on factors such as the distance between emitters, angle of incidence toward the optics system, emitter color (i.e., wavelength), and the refractive indices of the display and the film. In embodiments where an additional layer is placed over the film (e.g., an encapsulating layer) the refractive index of the additional layer can also be taken into consideration.

At step 1520, the wall heights and angles are calculated to permit the desired diffraction orders to be formed while maximizing diffraction efficiency at the desired diffraction orders.

At step 1530, the wall heights are adjusted to account for spatial variation in image quality (e.g., sharpness) produced by the optics system. In this way, the film can be designed to provide consistent image quality while maximizing the native resolution of the display. This is a one-time adjustment to produce, for example, the default configurations of the walls.

At step 1540, the structured film is formed according to the adjusted wall heights and applied to the display.

FIG. 16 is a flow diagram of a method 1600 for using an adjustable structured film, e.g., a liquid filled film including a mechanism for adjusting wall height and/or wall angle. At step 1610, an input image that is to be shown on the display is analyzed to detect an ROI (e.g., a region containing a fine detail surrounded by a bright background). The ROI can include pixels of the same color and brightness or pixels of different colors and brightness. The ROI may be identified, for example, as a set of one or more pixels whose brightness is less than the brightness of pixels surrounding the ROI by some threshold difference in brightness. Additional criteria for identifying the ROI can include, for example, a maximum width that a set of similarly colored pixels can have in order to qualify as a fine detail. The input image can be subjected to various image processing techniques, such as edge detection performed at one or more image resolutions, to identify the ROI.

At step 1620, contrast control is applied to establish brightness values for the ROI and a surrounding region. Step 1620 can be performed by the display controller or some other processor in the display system that calculates brightness values for each pixel in the ROI and the surrounding region based on instructions from a contrast control module. The brightness values may be calculated to enhance the contrast between the ROI and the surrounding region while keeping the brightness of the surrounding region within a certain limit in order to minimize bleaching of the ROI, e.g., by setting a maximum allowable brightness for the surrounding region. The display controller or processor may, for example, determine a dynamic range for the entire display or for each region individually, then assign brightness values within range to each pixel.

At step 1630, the display controller or other processor determines wall adjustments for reducing interference between the ROI and the surrounding region at the brightness values that were established in step 1620. For example, as explained earlier, there may be instances in which contrast control alone is insufficient to prevent bleaching. Thus, adjustments to wall heights or wall angles can be determined in order to further reduce bleaching and to enhance the sharpness of the ROI Wall adjustments can also be made for purposes of enhancing image quality. For example, although it is usually desirable to maximize display resolution, in some instances the resolution of certain regions can be reduced (e.g., by lower wall height) in order to direct the user's attention to ROIs.

At step 1640, the display controller or other processor adjusts the wall heights and/or wall angles by outputting control signals to the display assembly. As shown in examples in FIGS. 12 and 13, the control signals can be applied to different areas of the display assembly, such as the display layer, the encapsulating layer, or possibly even the film layer, depending on where the components of the adjustment mechanism are located.

The foregoing description of the embodiments of the disclosure has been presented for the purpose of illustration; it is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the disclosure to the precise forms disclosed. Persons skilled in the relevant art can appreciate that many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above disclosure.

Some portions of this description describe the embodiments of the disclosure in terms of algorithms and symbolic representations of operations on information. These algorithmic descriptions and representations are commonly used by those skilled in the data processing arts to convey the substance of their work effectively to others skilled in the art. These operations, while described functionally, computationally, or logically, are understood to be implemented by computer programs or equivalent electrical circuits, microcode, or the like. Furthermore, it has also proven convenient at times, to refer to these arrangements of operations as modules, without loss of generality. The described operations and their associated modules may be embodied in software, firmware, and/or hardware.

Steps, operations, or processes described may be performed or implemented with one or more hardware or software modules, alone or in combination with other devices. In some embodiments, a software module is implemented with a computer program product comprising a computer-readable medium containing computer program code, which can be executed by a computer processor for performing any or all of the steps, operations, or processes described.

Embodiments of the disclosure may also relate to an apparatus for performing the operations described. The apparatus may be specially constructed for the required purposes, and/or it may comprise a general-purpose computing device selectively activated or reconfigured by a computer program stored in the computer. Such a computer program may be stored in a non-transitory, tangible computer readable storage medium, or any type of media suitable for storing electronic instructions, which may be coupled to a computer system bus. Furthermore, any computing systems referred to in the specification may include a single processor or may be architectures employing multiple processor designs for increased computing capability.

The language used in the specification has been principally selected for readability and instructional purposes, and it may not have been selected to delineate or circumscribe the inventive subject matter. It is therefore intended that the scope of the disclosure be limited not by this detailed description, but rather by any claims that issue on an application based hereon. Accordingly, the disclosure of the embodiments is intended to be illustrative, but not limiting, of the scope of the disclosure, which is set forth in the following claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A device comprising: a plurality of light emitters that form a display; and an optically transmissive surface defining a structured film including a plurality of walls, each wall being adjustable between a plurality of configurations including a default configuration in which the walls extend away from the display at different heights, wherein each of the walls defines a peak and a plurality of valleys are defined in spaces between adjacent walls, wherein the plurality of light emitters are located in the plurality of valleys, wherein in the default configuration, the walls generate one or more diffraction orders for each light emitter such that gaps between adjacent light emitters are at least partially covered, wherein the structured film is adjustable by varying a geometry of the walls in response to an electrical input, and wherein locations of the plurality of valleys are fixed such that the plurality of light emitters remain located in the plurality of valleys when the geometry of the walls is varied in response to the electrical input.
 2. The device of claim 1, wherein the heights of the walls are adjustable using the electrical input.
 3. The device of claim 1, wherein angles of the walls are adjustable using the electrical input.
 4. The device of claim 1, wherein the structured film includes a plurality of electromagnets that vary the geometry of the walls in response to the electrical input.
 5. The device of claim 1, wherein the optically transmissive surface comprises a single solid membrane filled with a non-solid material having a specific index of refraction.
 6. The device of claim 5, wherein the non-solid material is a liquid.
 7. The device of claim 5, wherein the structured film includes a reservoir containing the non-solid material, the reservoir being shared by each of the walls.
 8. The device of claim 5, wherein the structured film includes a plurality of reservoirs containing the non-solid material, each wall having a separate reservoir.
 9. A system, comprising: a display including a plurality of light emitters; a display controller configured to perform contrast control, wherein contrast control comprises adjusting at least one of a dynamic range or a brightness of pixels formed by the light emitters; and a structured film attached to the display, wherein the structured film comprises an optically transmissive surface including a plurality of walls, each wall being adjustable between a plurality of configurations including a default configuration in which the walls extend away from the display at different heights, wherein each of the walls defines a peak and a plurality of valleys are defined in spaces between adjacent walls, wherein the plurality of light emitters are located in the plurality of valleys, wherein in the default configuration, the walls generate one or more diffraction orders for each light emitter such that gaps between adjacent light emitters are at least partially covered, wherein the structured film is adjustable by varying a geometry of the walls in response to an electrical input, and wherein locations of the plurality of valleys are fixed such that the plurality of light emitters remain located in the plurality of valleys when the geometry of the walls is varied in response to the electrical input.
 10. The system of claim 9, wherein the display controller is configured to: identify a region of interest in an image to be formed on the display; and adjust a brightness of the region of interest relative to a surrounding region located outside the region of interest by varying the geometry of the walls.
 11. The system of claim 10, wherein the region of interest is a darker region, and wherein the surrounding region is a brighter region.
 12. The system of claim 11, wherein the display controller is further configured to increase a height of a wall separating the region of interest from the surrounding region.
 13. The system of claim 10, wherein the display controller is further configured to: establish brightness values for the region of interest and the surrounding region through contrast control; and adjust at least one of wall heights or wall angles such that interference between the region of interest and the surrounding region is reduced at the brightness values.
 14. The system of claim 9, wherein the structured film includes a plurality of electromagnets that vary the geometry of the walls in response to the electrical input.
 15. The system of claim 9, wherein the optically transmissive surface comprises a single solid membrane filled with a liquid having a specific index of refraction.
 16. A method, comprising: identifying a region of interest in an image to be formed on a display, the display including a plurality of light emitters; and adjusting a brightness of the region of interest relative to a surrounding region located outside the region of interest, the adjusting comprising applying an electrical input to a structured film attached to the display, wherein the structured film comprises an optically transmissive surface including a plurality of walls, the walls extending away from the display at different heights, wherein each of the walls defines a peak and a plurality of valleys are defined in spaces between adjacent walls, wherein the plurality of light emitters are located in the plurality of valleys, wherein the electrical input varies a geometry of the walls, and wherein locations of the plurality of valleys are fixed such that the plurality of light emitters remain located in the plurality of valleys when the geometry of the walls is varied in response to the electrical input.
 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising: establishing brightness values for the region of interest and the surrounding region through contrast control; and adjusting at least one of wall heights or wall angles such that interference between the region of interest and the surrounding region is reduced at the brightness values.
 18. The method of claim 16, wherein the region of interest is a darker region, and wherein the surrounding region is a brighter region, the method further comprising increasing a height of a wall separating the region of interest from the surrounding region.
 19. The method of claim 16, wherein the optically transmissive surface comprises a single solid membrane filled with a liquid having a specific index of refraction.
 20. The method of claim 16, wherein the electrical input moves the walls by activating electromagnets in the structured film. 